Effects of automobile pollution on environment and human beings

Introduction:- The major source of air pollution are flue gases, emissions from refineries and factories etc. on one hand and 60% of air pollution are due to automobile exhaust emission in other hand. The I. C Engine exhaust contains several pollutants in the form of oxides of Nitrogen (Nox) which are toxic and facing severe criticism. If the concentration exceeds 100 ppm in enclosed space, if may even cause death.

Effects of automobile pollution on environment and human beings:

• The Oxides of Nitrogen together with hydro carbons react in the presence of sunlight and form
• Polto chemical smog. If effects the bad condition on crops Animals,Birdscracking in rubber etc.
• It Causes eyes irritation, objectionable odour.
• It causes reduction in visibility, results traffic hazards.
• The soot particles in the exhaust gases settle down on buildings and trees if may thus spoils appearance of buildings in the long run.
• The exhaust smoke is dangerous for health and causes troubles in breathing Problems.

Types of Automobile emissions:
The vehicle emissions contains following types of pollutants

• Exhaust emissions
• Carbon Monoxide
• Un burnt hydro carbons
• Oxides of Nitrogen
• Lead oxides
• Sulphur dioxide
• Smoke
• Evaporative Emissions
• Carburettor
• fuel tank
• petrol bunks

Crank case blow by from the crank case hydro carbons are emitted
Measurement of Percentage of Pollutions from petrol and Diesel Vehicles with the help of exhaust gas analyzers
By using exhaust gas analyzer the measurement of percentage of following pollutants from petrol and Diesel Vehicles
Treatment of Exhaust gases by using catalytic converter
The exhaust gases from the engine are passed through CATALYTIC
CONVENTER
A catalytic converter is a cylindrical unit about the size of small silencer and it installed in to the exhaust system of a vehicle. It is placed between the exhaust manifold and silencer in the exhaust system of a vehicle. Inside the converter there is a honey corn structure of a ceramic or metal . Which is coated with aluminum base material and there after a second coat of precious metals platinum, palladium or rhodium or combination of the same.

The second coating serves as a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance which causes a chemical reaction that normally does not happen in to the given conditions. As a result catalytic reaction as the exhaust gases pass over the converter substance, toxic gases such as co, the and NOX are converted in to harmless CO2,H2 and N2 . There are two types of catalytic converters.

A Two way converter which is used to control only CO and HC commissions by oxidation
A Three way converter Which is used almost in all petrol cars It controls CO and HC by oxidation
As well as NOX by reduction.

PAINTING OF AUTOMOBILE

Introduction: The corrosive nature of a metal used in a motor body construction, necessitate the application of an anti corrosion coating. For this reason the painting should be done.

Function of Painting:

1. It reduces the corrosion and protect the vehicle body.

2. It is used for cleanliness.

3. It is used for esthetic appearance.

4. It is used to reduce the friction due to the aerodynamic drag and allow the vehicle in stream lining.

5. It is used for identification purpose.

Requirements of Good Painting:

1. It should be anticorrosive nature.

2. It should protect the hidden parts also from the corrosion.

3. It should have esthetic appearance.

4. It should be smooth finish for stream lining.

5. It must reduce the aerodynamic drag.

Main Constituents of paints:

1. Pigments

2. Drying oil

3. Thinners

4. Dry Extenders

5. Plasticizers

6. Resins.

Reason for failures of paints:

1. Not proper cleaning of body before painting

2. Not covering dents or spots.

3. Not using of proper good quality paint

4. Not applied the pretreatment with zinc phosphate.

Different Types of Painting

1. Spray paint

2. Hand paint

Spray Painting procedure: Now-a-days spray paintings are largely use. The procedure is as follows:

1. First of all the old paint should be scrapped with the help of scrappers

2. If there is nail or any obstruction they will be removed with the help of pincers

3. The removal of old paint must be by application of caustic soda solution and spirit solutions.

4. In some portions heating is necessary with the help of blow lamp for removal of old paint.

5.The surface should be cleaned from dirt, dust, rust, grease etc.

6. The surface should maintain perfect level from any kind of bends.

7. Then once again clean with red oxide.

8. After wards duco paints or delux paints or required colour may be sprayed on the vehicle as the primary coating.

9. After first coating is over we must see the variations of the surface clearly and apply second coating and it will finish the painting job and gives beautiful appearance.

10. Then decoration and letter writing finishes the body paint.

11. Finally polish the vehicle thoroughly.

AIR CONDITIONING OF MOTOR VEHICLE

Necessity of Automobile Air-Conditioning: Due to varying conditions of heating, ventilating, cooling, dehumidification in the atmosphere at various places, it is necessary to be conditioned the air in the automobiles. To maintain human comfort and improve internal atmosphere in an enclosed space, proper control of freshness temperature, humidity and cleanliness of air is required. For this reason Automobile air-conditioning is necessary in the vehicles.

Construction and working of Passenger car Air – Conditioning:

The main components of Auto Air- Condition are:

1. Compressor

2. Magnetic clutch

3. Condenser

4. Receiver or dehydrator

5. Expansion valve

6. Evaporator

7. Such on throttling valve

Compressor: The compressor in the Auto Air- Condition system is belt-driven engine crankshaft pulley. A magnetic clutch engages the compressor shaft. When the voltage is applied to the compressor clutch coil was sufficient the compressor and pulley rotates together as one unit. When the voltage is interrupted the pulley, disengages automatically, causes compressor to stop. The low – pressured, high temperature, vaporized refrigerant enter in to the compressor and it increases the pressure of about 20kg/cm² and 100ºc temp, and pushes into the condenser. In the compressor the refrigerant never reaches its liquid state.

Magnetic Clutch: The electrically controlled magnetic clutch is housed in pulley assembly and a switch is on the controlling panel. This clutch is engaged or disengaged depending upon the temperature of the air. Bellow 40 ºF. The compressor cannot be operated. Above 55ºF this switch closes and completes the circuit to the compressor clutch.

Condenser: It is usually placed in front of the car and it is looks like a Fin-andtube radiator. The condenser receives heated and compressed gas from the compressor and is cooled by the air passing across the condenser. The refrigerant now in the form of high pressure liquid which is fed in to the receiver drier Unit.

Reservoir or Dehydrator: The refrigerant stored under pressure in the Receiverdrier. The drier removes any traces of moisture present in the system to avoid freezing of moisture at low temperature and thus clogging the lines. It causes running troubles.

Expansion Valve: In the expansion valve high pressure liquid is converted into low pressure liquid then the refinement flow in to the evaporator

Evaporator: The evaporator unit where the cooling effect is obtained is usually located inside the passenger compartment bellow the dash board. A high capacity blower circulates the air in the in the car interior across the evaporator coils, and the drops the temperature of the air inside the passenger compartment. The heat picked by the refrigerant goes back to the compressor in the vapour form, where the refrigerant is again compressed to a high pressure and the cycle starts again.

Suction throttle valve: It ensures that the refrigerant the evaporator says at such a pressure that the evaporator core surface temperature does not fall bellow the freezing point of water (0°c), thus preventing ice formation in the evaporator.

SEAT DOOR AND WINDOW MECHANISM OF CAR BODY

Construction and working of door lock mechanism:

There are different methods to door lock or unlock mechanisms:

1. With a key

2. By pressing the unlock button inside the car

3. By using the combination lock on the outside of the door

4. By pulling up the knob on the inside of the door.

5. With a keyless – entry remote control.

6. By a signal from a control center.

In most of the cars having power door locks, the lock/unlock switch actually sends power to the actuators that unlock the doors. But in more complicated system having several ways to lock and unlock the doors, the body controller decides when to do the unlocking. Body controller is a computer in the car. Besides locks it takes care of many little things that makes your car friendlier

e.g., it make sure the interior lights stay on until the car is started, it beeps if you leave your head lights on or leave the key in the ignition. Etc., In power locks, body controller monitors all the possible sources ‘lock’ or ‘unlock’ signals e.g. it monitors a door – mounted touch pad and unlock the doorsn when the correct mode is entered, it monitors a radio frequency and unlocks the doors when it receives the connect digital code from the radio transmitter in the key fob and also monitor the switches inside the car. When it receives a signal from any of these sources, it provides power to the actuator that locks or unlocks the doors.

The detailed power lock mechanism, in the door the actuator is portioned bellow the latch. A rod connects the actuator to the latch and another rod connects the latch to the knob that sticks up out of the top of the door. When the actuator moves the latch up, it connects the outside door handle to the opening mechanism. When the latch is down the outside door handle is disconnected from the mechanism so that the door cannot be opened. To unlock the door, the body controller supplies power to the doorlock actuator for a timed interval. The door lock actuator is a simple device. It consists of a small electric motor which turns a series of spur geans that operate a rack. The rack pulls the knob up or pushes it down, thus opening or closing the lock.

Construction and Working of Manual Window Regulating Mechanism:

The window glass winding mechanism included in the door construction. When the handle is turning one direction, the toothed quadrant which in turn moves the window carnivore. The glass fitted on the window carrier which moves up and down as per the direction of rotation of the toothed quadrant either clock wise or anti clock wise.

Construction and Working of Seat Adjusting Mechanism:

It is different form from the passenger seat . Bucket tupe of seat commonly used. This type of seat is adjustable towards or away from the steering wheel or control pedals in order to suit driver’s varying lengths of the legs. In this arrangement rails are fixed to the frame. Frame is fixed with bolts to slide on a rails squire to the floor. A lever projected to laterally to the seat cushion. This engages with slide catch for seat position adjustment. The return spring of the rocker again engages with the side catch. The lever is left free after the adjustment of seat.

SUSPENSION SYSTEM and iworking of its Component

Introduction: The automobile frame and body are mounted on the front and rear axle not directly but through the springs and shock absorbers. The assembly of parts, which perform the isolation of parts from the road shocks, may be in the forms of bounce, pitch and roll is called suspension system.

Functions of suspension system:

1. It prevents the vehicle body and frame from road shocks.

2. It gives stability of the vehicle.

3. It safeguards the passengers and goods from road shocks.

4. It gives the good road holding while driving, cornering and braking.

5. It gives cushioning effect.

6. It provides comfort.

Requirements of suspension system:

1. There should be minimum deflection.

2. It should be of low initial cost.

3. It should be of minimum weight.

4. It should have low maintenance and low operating cost.

5. It should have minimum tyre wear.

Components of Suspension system: Coil springs, Leaf springs, shock absorbers, Spring shackles, stabilizer

Independent suspension system: The independent suspension system means any arrangement that connects road wheels to the frame in which raise or fall of the wheel has no direct effect on the other wheel. It eliminates wheel wobbling.

Advantages: 1. It provides softer suspension.

2. It reduces wheel wobbling

3. It reduces the tendency of fitting of the wheel on one side due to road vibration

4. It provides more space for engine accommodation.

5. It promotes under steer which results low un sprung weight.

6. The movement of the spring on one wheel is not transmitted to the other wheel.

Sprung Weight: It is weight of all the parts supported by the spring including weight of the spring.

Un sprung weight: It is the weight of all the parts between the spring and rod and the portion of spring weight it self.

Basic suspension movements:

1. Bouncing: The vertical movement of the complete body.

2. Pitching: The rotating movement of all the parts between the spring

and road and the portion of spring weight itself.

3. Rolling: The movement about longitudinal axis produced by the

centrifugal force during cornering.

Types of front Independent suspension system: There are three types:

1. Wish bone Type

2. Vertical guide type

3. Trailing Link Type

Wish bone Type of Front Independent suspension system:

In this type of suspension system coil springs are mostly used between the two suspension arms and are controlled with frame and at the open ends of the upper and lower wishbones which are connected to the chassis frame. The upper arm is shorter than lower one. This keeps the wheel track constant. The closed ends of the both arms are connected with steering knuckle, supported by means of kingpin. A coil spring is placed in between the lower suspension arm and frame.

Types of suspension springs:

1. Steel Springs :

a. Leaf Springs

b. Coil Springs

c. Torsion bar Springs

2. Rubber Springs: 

a. Compression Springs

b. Progressive Springs

3. Plastic Srings

4. Air Springs:

a. Bellow Type

b. Pestoon Type

5. Hydraulic Type

Construction and working of Leaf Springs:Leaf springs are formed by bending. They are made of long strips of steel. Each strip is named as Leaf. The long leaf is called Master Leaf, and it consists of eyes at its both ends. One end is fixed to the chassis frame, the other end is fixed to the shackle spring. The spring will get elongated during expansion and shortened during compression. This  hange in length of spring is compensated by the shackle. The U-bolt and clamps are located at the intermediate position of the spring. The bronze or rubber bushes are provided on both eyes on the master leaf.

Types of Leaf Springs: There are five types of leaf springs

1. Full – elliptic type

2. Semi – elliptic type

3. Three Quarter – elliptic type

4. Transverse Spring type

5. Helper Spring type

1. Full elliptic :

The advantage of this type is the elimination of shackle and spring. The lubrication and wear frequently which are on of the main draw back of this type of springs.

2. Semi – elliptic :

This type is more popular for rear suspension are used in 75% of cars.

3. Three – Quarter – elliptic type:

This type is rarely used in now-a-days. It gives resistance, but occupies more space than other types.

4. Transverse Type:

This type of spring is arrange transversely across the car instead of longitudinal direction. The transverse spring for front axle as shown in figure,which is bolted rigidly to the frame at the center  and attached to the axle by means of shackle at both ends.

5. Helper Springs:

The helper springs are used in heavy vehicles for rear suspension. When vehicle fully loaded the main sp[ring as well as helper spring to come in  action and absorb the road shocks. When the load of the vehicle is less the helper spring will not act and the main spring only absorb the road shocks. Need of Shock Absorber: If the suspension springs are rigid enough, they will not absorb road shocks efficiently, and if they are flexible enough, they will continue to vibrate for longer time even after the bump has passed. Therefore, the springing device must be compromise flexibility and stiffness a shock absorber needed in Automobile Suspension system.

 Types of Shock Absorbers: They are mainly two types

1. Mechanical.

2. Hydraulic – a. Van type

b. Piston – i )Single Acting ii). Double Acting

c. Telescopic type

Construction and Working of Single acting Telescopic hydraulic shock absorbers:

The telescopic shock absorber consists of a cylinder to which a head is welded to screwed to the outer tube. The space between outer and inner tube is called reservoir. A pressed steel cap and axle eye by means of which cylinder is screwed to the axle are welded to the outer tube. A piston slides inside the cylinder and screwed to the piston rod at which its upper end of chassis eye, it is attached to the frame of the vehicle. The part of the piston rod that is outside of the cylinder is protected by a cover which is welded to the chassis eye. A piston rod gland packing prevent the leakage, when the piston passes through the head and any fluid is trapped by it is supplied to the reservoir through drain hole.

Working: If the axle eye moves upwards then the fluid must be displaced from the bottom. Top side of the bottom side fluid through the outer ring of the piston by lifting the non return valve. But since the increase in the volume of upper end of the cylinder is less than the volume of the lower end. Fluid will also displaced through the inner ring of holes of non return valve of foot valve, and the level at the fluid will raise in the reservoir. The pressure setup will depend on the size of hole in the piston and Foot valve and the squire of the speed of which the cylinder is moved. For downward motion of the cylinder the fluid will be displaced form the upper end of the piston. In the leaver end through the inner ring of hole of non return valve in the piston. The fluid will also be draw in the lower end of

the cylinder from the reservoir to the outer ring of hole of non return valve of the foot valve.

Stabilizer Bar:Stabilizer is necessarily used in all independent front suspension. It reduces tendency of the vehicle to roll on either side when taking a turn. It is simply a bar of alloy steel with arms at each end connected to the lower wish bone of the independent suspension system. It is supported in bush bearings fixed the frame and is parallel to cross member. When both the wheels deflect up or down by the same amount, the stabilizer bar simple turns in the bearings. When only one wheel deflects, then only one end of the stabilizer moves, thus it acts as a spring between two sides of the independent front suspension.

Torsion Bar:Torsion bar suspension is used in independent suspension system. It is a rod acting in torsion and taking shear stresses only. It is made up of heat treated alloy spring steel. This bar stores amount of energy nearly as same as coil spring. The bar is fixed at one end to the frame, while the other end is fixed to the end of the wheel arm and supported in the bearing. The other end of the wheel arm connected to the wheel hub. When the wheel strikes a bump, it starts vibrating up and down, thus exerting torque on the torsion bar which acts as a spring.

Steering System and Terminology in steering

Introduction: This system provides the directional change in the movement of an Automobile and maintain in a position as per the driver’s decision without much strain on him.

REQUIREMENTS OF STEERING SYSTEM:

a. It must keep the wheel at all times in to rolling motion with out rubbing on the road.

b. This system should associate to control the speed.

c. It must light and stable.

d. It should also absorb the road shocks.

e. It must easily be operated with less maintenance.

f. It should have self-centering action to some extent

Functions of Steering System:

1. It helps in swinging the wheels to the left or right.

2. It helps in turning the vehicle at the will of the driver.

3. It provides directional stability.

4. It is used to minimize the tyre wear and tear.

5. It helps in achieving self-centering efforts.

6. It absorbs major part of the road shocks.

Main Components of Steering System:

The following are the main components of steering system are

1. Steering Wheel

2. Steering column or shaft

3. Steering Gear

4. Drop Arm or Pitman Arm

5. Drag Link

6. Steering Arm

7. Track-Arms

8. Track Rod or Tie-Rod

9. Adjusting Screws

Types of Steering Gear Boxes:

1. Worm and Wheel Steering Gear.

2. Worm and Roller Steering Gear.

3. Re-circulating Ball type Steering Gear.

4. Rack and Pinion type Steering Gear.

5. Cam and Roller Gear type Steering Gear.

6. Cam and Peg Steering Gear.

7. Cam and Double lever Steering Gear.

8. Worm and Sector Type Steering Gear.

Functions of Steering Gear Box:

1. It converts the Rotary movement of the steering wheel in to the angular turning of the front wheels.

2. It also multiplies drivers efforts and give MEHANICAL ADVANTAGE.

1.Worm and Wheel Type: This type of steering gear has a square cut screw threads at the end of the steering column; which forms a worm, at the end of it a worm wheel is fitted and works rigidly with it. Generally covered shaft is used for the worm wheel. The worm wheel can be turned to a new position the drop arm can be readjusted to the correct working position.

2. Re-circulating Ball Type: In this type of gear box the endless chain of balls are provided between the worm and nut members. The nut form a ring of rack having an axial movement. So that the sector on the rocker shaft racks, the balls roll continuously between the worm and nut. Being provided with

return chambers at the ends of the worm. This method reduces friction between worm and nut members. This type of steering gear is used for heavy vehicles.

3. Rack and Pinion Type: This is common manual type of steering gear box is used in most of the vehicles. In this type of steering a pinion is provided the bottom end of the steering column. The teeth of the pinion wheel in mesh with corresponding teeth provided on the rack, the end of which are connected to the stub axle through the rod. The rotating motion of the pinion operates the rack in FORE and AFT direction which in turn operates the stub axle.

4. Cam and Lever Type: The cam and lever steering uses one or two lever studs fitted in taper roller bearing. When the worm in the form of helical groove rotates the stub axle and it also rotates along with it. This imports a turning motion to the drop arm shaft.

5. Worm and Sector Type: In this type the worm on the end of the steering shaft meshes with a sector mounted on a sector shaft. When the worm is rotated by rotation of the steering wheel, the sector also turn rotating the sector shaft. Its motion is transmitted to the wheel through the linkage. The sector shaft is attached to the drop arm or pitmen arm. 

Power Steering: Power steering reduces much strain on the part of the driver while negotiating sharp curves. It makes easy to turn sharp corners. It is usually arranged to be operative when the effort of steering wheel exceeds a predetermined value. It is fitted on heavy commercial vehicles and medium cars.

Steering Linkages: Steering Linkage is a connection of various links between the steering gear box and the front wheels. The motion of the pitman arm and steering gear box is transferred so the steering knuckles of the front wheels through the steering linkages. The swinging movement of the pitman arm from one side to the other side gives angular movement to the front wheel through the steering linkages.

Types of steering Linkages:

1. Conventional steering Linkage.

2. Direct cross type steering linkage

3. Three piece steering linkage

4. center arm steering linkage

5. Relay type steering linkage.

Slip Angle: The angle between direction of the motion of the vehicle and the center plane of the tyre is known as Slip Angle. It ranges from 8º to 10º.

Under steer: When the front slip angle is greater than that of rear, the vehicle tends to steer in the direction of side force. Then it is known as under steer. This provides greater driving stability, especially when there is a side wind.

Over Steer: When the rear slip angle is greater than that of front slip angle, the vehicle tends to mover away from the direction of center path. This is known as over stear. This is advantageous when the vehicle moving on the road having many bends curves.

Steering Gear Ratio or Reduction Ratio: It has been defined as the “ number of turns on the steering wheel required to produce on turn of steering gear cross shaft to which the pitman arm is attached. Generally it varies between

14'.1 and 24'.1.

Turning Radius: It is the radius of the circle on which the outside front wheels moves when the front wheels are turned to their extreme outer position. This radius is 5 to 7.5 m for buses and trucks.

Wheel Alignment: It returns to the positioning of the front wheels and steering mechanism that gives the vehicle directional stability, reduce the tyre wear to a minimum.

Factors effects the wheel alignment:

1. Factors pertaining to wheel:- a. Balance of wheels(Static and Dynamic)

b. Inflation of tyre.

c. Brake adjustments.

2. Steering Linkages.

3. Suspension System

4. Steering Geometry –a. caster b. camber c. king pin inclination d. toe-in and toe-out etc.,

Steering Geometry: It refers to the angular relationship between the front wheels and parts attached to it and car frame.

The steering Geometry includes

1. Caster angle

2. Camber angle

3. King-pin inclination

4. toe-in

5. toe-out etc.,

Caster Angle: This is the angle between backward or forward tilting of the king pin from the vertical axis at the top. This is about 2º to 4º. The backward tilt is called as positive caster. The forward tilt is called negative caster.

Camber: The angle between wheel axis to the vertical line at the top is called camber angle. It is approximately ½º to 2º.

King-pin inclination: It is the angle between vertical line to the king pin axis. The inclination tends to keep wheels straight ahead and make the wheels to get return to the straight position after completion of a turn. The inclination is normally kept 7º to 8º.

Introduction to Chassis Frame and Body

Chassis is a French term and was initially usedto denote the frame parts or Basic Structure of the vehicle. It is the back boneof the vehicle. A vehicle with out body is called Chassis. The components ofthe vehicle like Power plant, Transmission System, Axles, Wheels and Tyres,Suspension, Controlling Systems like Braking, Steering etc., and also electricalsystem parts are mounted on the Chassis frame. It is the main mounting for allthe components including the body. So it is also called as Carrying Unit.

The following main components of the Chassis are:-
1. Frame: it is made up of long two members called side membersriveted together with the help of number of cross members.
2. Engine or Power plant: It provides the source of power.
3. Clutch: It connects and disconnects the power from the engine flywheel to the transmission system.
4. Gear Box.
5. U Joint
6. Propeller Shaft
7. Differential

Chassis and its component

FUNCTIONS OF THE CHASSIS FRAME:
1. To carry load of the passengers or goods carried in the body.
2. To support the load of the body, engine, gear box etc.,
3. To withstand the forces caused due to the sudden braking or acceleration
4. To withstand the stresses caused due to the bad road condition.
5. To withstand centrifugal force while cornering

TYPES OF CHASSIS FRAMES:
There are three types of frames
1. Conventional frame
2. Integral frame
3. Semi-integral frame
1. Conventional frame: It has two long side members and 5 to 6 cross members joined together with the help of rivets and bolts. The frame sections are used generally.
a. Channel Section - Good resistance to bending
b. Tabular Section - Good resistance to Torsion
c. Box Section - Good resistance to both bending and
Torsion
2. Integral Frame: This frame is used now a days in most of the cars. There is no frame and all the assembly units are attached to the body. All the functions of the frame carried out by the body itself. Due to elimination of long frame it is cheaper and due to less weight most economical also. Only
disadvantage is repairing is difficult.
3. Semi-Integral Frame: In some vehicles half frame is fixed in the front end on which engine gear box and front suspension is mounted. It has the advantage when the vehicle is met with accident the front frame can be taken easily to replace the damaged chassis frame. This type of frame is used in FIAT cars and some of the European and American cars.

VARIOUS LOADS ACTING ON THE FRAME:
Various loads acting on the frame are
1. Short duration Load - While crossing a broken patch.
2. Momentary duration Load - While taking a curve.
3. Impact Loads - Due to the collision of the vehicle.
4. Inertia Load - While applying brakes.
5. Static Loads - Loads due to chassis parts.
6. Over Loads - Beyond Design capacity.


STATE THE DIFFERENT BODIES USED IN AUTOMOBILES:
The Automobile bodies are divided in two groups
Passenger Body 
Commercial body

According to Chassis design the body can divided into
1. Conventional Type
2. Integral Type
3. Semi- Integral Type
According to other usage:
1. Light vehicle Bodies - cars, jeeps
2. Heavy vehicle Bodies – Busses, Lorries
3. Medium vehicle Bodies - Vans, Metadoors